Although LIB built-up sets are of particular interests for EVs, LIBs still have some limitations associated with their economic cost and inherent risks. In response to the growing demand for an assortment of high-energy storage systems, energy sources, and environmentally clean and sustainable energy, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become predominant electrochemical storage materials for modern transport systems and electronic devices, such as laptops, electronic gadgets, camcorders, and smartphones. The integrated full-scale LIB retains a huge discharge capacity (~ 94.2%), an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% after 2000 cycles at 1 C, and a high energy density of 127 Wh kg −1, thereby satisfying scale-up commercial EV requirements. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the anode and cathode architectonics are a superior choice for the configuration of full-scale LIB built-up models. This study is the first to evaluate the hotkeys of choice anode/cathode architectonics to assemble different LIB–electrode platforms with high-mobility electron/ion flows and high-performance capacity functionalities. The superpower hierarchy surfaces and multi-directional orientation components may create isosurface potential electrodes with mobile electron movements, in-to-out interplay electron dominances, and electron/charge cloud distributions. As primary structural tectonics, heterogeneous composite superstructures of full-cell-LIB (anode//cathode) electrodes were designed in closely packed flower agave rosettes TiO anode) and vertical-star-tower LiFePO cathode) building blocks to regulate the electron/ion movement in the three-dimensional axes and orientation pathways.
To control the power hierarchy design of lithium-ion battery (LIB) built-up sets for electric vehicles (EVs), we offer intensive theoretical and experimental sets of choice anode/cathode architectonics that can be modulated in full-scale LIB built-up models.
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